Third, the positioning of higher printing education
1. Education level
As with other higher education systems, higher printing education is divided into three levels: college education, undergraduate education, and graduate education. Among them, undergraduate education and specialist education are the main body of higher education. Graduate education is divided into two levels: master's degree and doctoral degree. Different education levels have different training objectives. Specialized education should aim at specific printing and classification business, and train practical talents who have received good professional education and skill training in the corresponding business areas. For example, computer design talents, prepress and graphic processing technical talents, printing equipment, electrical and mechanical maintenance and operation personnel, and printing. Business and marketing talents and more. This is a kind of educational level with strong job attributes, oriented production, and practical and skill-building.
Undergraduate education should aim at printing the main subject areas, and develop advanced technology, management, design, and management talents that are well-founded and professionally educated in this field, and have strong adaptability and development potential. As the discipline of printing is a multi-discipline cross-cutting, high-tech and equipment comprehensive application of the edge of the discipline, therefore, the training of talented people should also have a broader understanding of the neighboring disciplines, with a strong comprehensive application of high technology ability. This is a kind of education that pays attention to the characteristics of disciplines, and places more emphasis on cultivating students' adaptability, creativity, and development potential.
Graduate education aims at supporting the basic disciplines of printing such as computer science and technology, information engineering, materials science, network and communications, information systems and information management, mass communication, business administration, marketing, etc. Research and development talents with innovative awareness and capabilities. Due to the cross-cutting nature of printing professions, comprehensiveness, and the cross-application features of various high-tech and equipment, I personally believe that the narrow sense of the printing profession is only suitable for the cultivation of specialist and undergraduate level personnel, and that graduate-level academic education should not be set up in a narrow sense. profession". Master's level professional should be aimed at supporting the printing of the basic subject areas or related disciplines; doctoral level, if any in the future, should be aimed at supporting the printing of a basic discipline or a branch of related disciplines, and printing can not be related . I was often introduced as "China's first doctor of printing." Frankly, this statement is very inaccurate. My Ph.D. professional is "Physical Information Engineering" which can be translated directly into "Physical Information Engineering" and is specifically engaged in research work on information recording materials. This major is also a multi-disciplinary profession. The basic subject areas mainly include computer science technology, visual science and engineering, network and communication, material science and engineering. The work that I am engaged in belongs to the functional material (information recording material) in the field of material science and has no direct relationship with the printing in the narrow sense.
2. Talent specifications and training mode
The specialist training level at the specialist level is located in skilled and practical talents, and it should be a reasonable position to focus on vocational education. The graduate-level talent training standards are also relatively clear, and they are positioned as research-development talents with innovative awareness and capabilities. However, there are two basic considerations for the undergraduate training level. An emphasis on the basics of the discipline, it is considered that university education is a basic education of a discipline, and building an extensive academic platform is the focus of education. This training mode is the so-called "generalist" or "platform" training mode. It is considered that majors belonging to the same level of discipline should have the same professional foundation. Different professional growth points can be constructed on Kuangbo's discipline-based platform (Figure 3a). ). It is generally believed that students trained according to this training mode have a strong potential for development and potential, but they need a relatively good environment for training and development. Many advanced developed countries generally adopt this mode of training, and some even suggest that there is no need to carry out “professional education†at the university stage, and that professional education is not effective at the university level and can be completely completed by employers. The other is a training mode focusing on the coordinated development of basic and professional education. It is believed that basic education of disciplines is the basis for constructing professional education, and emphasizes the logical relationship between subject basic education and professional education. This mode of training is the so-called "specialist" or "pyramid" training mode. It holds that there is an inevitable logical relationship between discipline basic education and professional education. The entire training plan consists of subject basic education, professional basic education, and professional education (Figure 3b). It is generally believed that students trained in this model can quickly adapt to professional work in the field of cultivation, but their development potential and potential are weak.
Although China has already put forward the basic development strategy of taking science and education to prosper the country, technological innovation, and sustainable development, it is still a long-term and arduous task. From a nationwide perspective, it is still in the process of updating ideas and propaganda. Education stage. Most companies, especially printing companies, have not yet realized that the development and competitiveness of a company are fundamentally dependent on technological progress, human resources development and training, scientific management and quality services. These companies generally believe that university graduates should be able to see what they will once they are introduced. They have a weak sense of talent exploration and continued training. This requires our graduates to have both strong growth potential and stamina. At the same time, they must have sufficient adaptability and professional knowledge and skills in order to be able to adapt to the work as quickly as possible. In this regard, I think the "pyramid" type Or the "specialist" training model may be more in line with the current development status of China's printing industry, at least when China is out of the ranks of developing countries and it should be so before entering the ranks of developed countries. However, to avoid extremes, we must embody the basic principles of basal, wide caliber, and avoid over-professionalism. Otherwise, the students trained will not only lack the development stamina, but also will have poor adaptability.
3. Professional direction
The professional orientation-based personnel training coincides with the needs of the pilot. Due to the characteristics of higher education, especially the long training period for undergraduate and postgraduate education, the determination of professional orientation must be forward-looking and must be oriented according to the discipline. People's understanding of subject ownership of the printing profession has gone through a long period of time. Moreover, it has a very distinctive era feature and is not static.
In the era of photogravure, printing production relied more on the operator's experience and “special skillsâ€, with a strong sense of workshop-style production and artisan skills. At that time, the subject attributes of the printing profession were not yet clear. Whether there was a need for talents at the higher education level was still a question. At that time, the professional printing education was mainly at the level of mechanics, secondary schools, and specialists, and there were few undergraduate levels. The professional direction mainly focuses on specific arts and production processes, such as photo separation, photoengraving process, text layout, printing, printer operation, printing process, etc. It is an education focusing on skill, process and equipment matching. Later, with the development of society’s informationization and the application of electronic and computer technologies in print production, management, and management, people began to realize that the printing industry is actually based on the processing, distribution, and visual reproduction of images and textual information. The information industry has a common subject basis in terms of profession. Therefore, professional names such as “printing engineeringâ€, “image information engineeringâ€, and “image communication technology†emerged, and some departments and institutes where images and texts were the subject of information engineering research, such as the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan "Institute of Image Science and Engineering Laboratory", Department of Image Science of Chiba University, Department of "College of Imaging Arts and Sciences" of Rochester Institute of Technology, and Society of Image Sciences and Technology. And there are a lot of "Image Science", "Graphic Communication", "
“Hardcopyâ€, “NIP: Non-impact Printing†and other international and regional titles. At this time, people have begun to realize that printing belongs to a multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary field Its basic supporting disciplines include information science, visual engineering, materials science, computer science and technology, networking and communications, etc. Some countries, such as Japan, divide the printing profession into the direction of process materials based on the comprehensive application and performance matching of materials. And the direction of system engineering based on image and text information and processing; some countries, such as the United States, pay more attention to the flow of information, invocation and management of graphic and textual information during processing and reproduction, and place the printing profession under the category of information management science; In China, we have also begun to divide printing into the (printing) information engineering major based on the reproduction of graphic and text information and the printing technology major based on materials and processes.
Today, with the digitalization and networking development of the printing industry technology and the improvement and expansion of its external technological environment and information resources, printing is characterized by its multi-discipline mutual penetration and crossover, and its integrated application of high-tech and equipment is more striking. There is a different understanding of the orientation of disciplines in the printing profession. One tendency is to position according to the basic supporting disciplines of printing, for example, science and technology (computer graphics and information processing) as its main discipline, which can be found in Japan and the United States; another tendency is to continue the previous Process material direction and system engineering direction. I personally think that the discipline's attributes (main subjects) and professional direction should be determined according to the core of the printing industry and technology, and the surrounding fields should be used as supporting disciplines. In fact, the only way to maintain the characteristics of the printing profession is to cultivate talents that other professions cannot cultivate and meet. Only in this way can higher education professionals have the value and significance of existence. Interdisciplinary cross-cutting, high-tech and comprehensive application of equipment characteristics, can be in the training of the target (basic theory and knowledge) "master", "relevant theory and knowledge" "understand" and (basic business skills and capabilities ) "Having" these three basic requirements are coordinated and reflected.
I think that the orientation of printing disciplines should be based on the science and engineering background of the processing and dissemination of images and textual information, and the specific professional direction can be expanded along this axis, positioning in the acquisition and processing of image and textual information. The fields of science (science), engineering technology (engineering), management science (management), and social culture (arts) are involved in communication, communication, storage, and visual reproduction. Specifically speaking, the direction of engineering technology is based on the processing technology of graphic and textual information and visual reproduction, the information processing is based on the processing of graphic and textual information, the information flow of visual reproduction, rational organization and deployment, and system management. Class direction should be a relatively good professional orientation.
IV. Printing Specialty of Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication
The printing professional education of Beijing Institute of Printing began in the Central School of Cultural Management of the 1950s. It was subsequently withdrawn from the Institute and was incorporated into the Central Academy of Art and Design as a department (printing process department). The printing process was on the eve of the Cultural Revolution, and four students were enrolled in 1960, 1963, 1964, and 1965 respectively. Most of these graduates later became leaders of all levels of China's printing industry and played a huge role. After the “Gang of Four†was resumed and the college entrance examination resumed, the printing technology department resumed its recruitment for the entire country. In March and October 1978, it recruited two majors: printing machinery (class 77) and printing technology (class 78). During this period, the State Council approved the establishment of the established Beijing Institute of Printing. The affiliation of the Department of Printing Technology was spun off from the Central Institute of Crafts and Beauty, and was transferred to the newly established Beijing Institute of Graphic Arts. In 1980, for the first time, Beijing Institute of Graphic Arts was qualified as an independent institution of undergraduate education. It enrolled two majors in printing machinery and printing technology, and began the difficult course of independent schooling and development. After 20 years of development, the college currently has three (diploma) postgraduate, undergraduate, and junior colleges with three different levels of academic education; there are three types of general education, higher vocational education, and adult education, and non-degree education; 1999 There are nearly 3,000 full-time students in the school year. There are nearly 1,500 students in adult education and more than 600 faculty members. The College currently has: printing and packaging engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering, management engineering, electronic engineering, design art, publishing and foreign languages
1. Education level
As with other higher education systems, higher printing education is divided into three levels: college education, undergraduate education, and graduate education. Among them, undergraduate education and specialist education are the main body of higher education. Graduate education is divided into two levels: master's degree and doctoral degree. Different education levels have different training objectives. Specialized education should aim at specific printing and classification business, and train practical talents who have received good professional education and skill training in the corresponding business areas. For example, computer design talents, prepress and graphic processing technical talents, printing equipment, electrical and mechanical maintenance and operation personnel, and printing. Business and marketing talents and more. This is a kind of educational level with strong job attributes, oriented production, and practical and skill-building.
Undergraduate education should aim at printing the main subject areas, and develop advanced technology, management, design, and management talents that are well-founded and professionally educated in this field, and have strong adaptability and development potential. As the discipline of printing is a multi-discipline cross-cutting, high-tech and equipment comprehensive application of the edge of the discipline, therefore, the training of talented people should also have a broader understanding of the neighboring disciplines, with a strong comprehensive application of high technology ability. This is a kind of education that pays attention to the characteristics of disciplines, and places more emphasis on cultivating students' adaptability, creativity, and development potential.
Graduate education aims at supporting the basic disciplines of printing such as computer science and technology, information engineering, materials science, network and communications, information systems and information management, mass communication, business administration, marketing, etc. Research and development talents with innovative awareness and capabilities. Due to the cross-cutting nature of printing professions, comprehensiveness, and the cross-application features of various high-tech and equipment, I personally believe that the narrow sense of the printing profession is only suitable for the cultivation of specialist and undergraduate level personnel, and that graduate-level academic education should not be set up in a narrow sense. profession". Master's level professional should be aimed at supporting the printing of the basic subject areas or related disciplines; doctoral level, if any in the future, should be aimed at supporting the printing of a basic discipline or a branch of related disciplines, and printing can not be related . I was often introduced as "China's first doctor of printing." Frankly, this statement is very inaccurate. My Ph.D. professional is "Physical Information Engineering" which can be translated directly into "Physical Information Engineering" and is specifically engaged in research work on information recording materials. This major is also a multi-disciplinary profession. The basic subject areas mainly include computer science technology, visual science and engineering, network and communication, material science and engineering. The work that I am engaged in belongs to the functional material (information recording material) in the field of material science and has no direct relationship with the printing in the narrow sense.
2. Talent specifications and training mode
The specialist training level at the specialist level is located in skilled and practical talents, and it should be a reasonable position to focus on vocational education. The graduate-level talent training standards are also relatively clear, and they are positioned as research-development talents with innovative awareness and capabilities. However, there are two basic considerations for the undergraduate training level. An emphasis on the basics of the discipline, it is considered that university education is a basic education of a discipline, and building an extensive academic platform is the focus of education. This training mode is the so-called "generalist" or "platform" training mode. It is considered that majors belonging to the same level of discipline should have the same professional foundation. Different professional growth points can be constructed on Kuangbo's discipline-based platform (Figure 3a). ). It is generally believed that students trained according to this training mode have a strong potential for development and potential, but they need a relatively good environment for training and development. Many advanced developed countries generally adopt this mode of training, and some even suggest that there is no need to carry out “professional education†at the university stage, and that professional education is not effective at the university level and can be completely completed by employers. The other is a training mode focusing on the coordinated development of basic and professional education. It is believed that basic education of disciplines is the basis for constructing professional education, and emphasizes the logical relationship between subject basic education and professional education. This mode of training is the so-called "specialist" or "pyramid" training mode. It holds that there is an inevitable logical relationship between discipline basic education and professional education. The entire training plan consists of subject basic education, professional basic education, and professional education (Figure 3b). It is generally believed that students trained in this model can quickly adapt to professional work in the field of cultivation, but their development potential and potential are weak.
Although China has already put forward the basic development strategy of taking science and education to prosper the country, technological innovation, and sustainable development, it is still a long-term and arduous task. From a nationwide perspective, it is still in the process of updating ideas and propaganda. Education stage. Most companies, especially printing companies, have not yet realized that the development and competitiveness of a company are fundamentally dependent on technological progress, human resources development and training, scientific management and quality services. These companies generally believe that university graduates should be able to see what they will once they are introduced. They have a weak sense of talent exploration and continued training. This requires our graduates to have both strong growth potential and stamina. At the same time, they must have sufficient adaptability and professional knowledge and skills in order to be able to adapt to the work as quickly as possible. In this regard, I think the "pyramid" type Or the "specialist" training model may be more in line with the current development status of China's printing industry, at least when China is out of the ranks of developing countries and it should be so before entering the ranks of developed countries. However, to avoid extremes, we must embody the basic principles of basal, wide caliber, and avoid over-professionalism. Otherwise, the students trained will not only lack the development stamina, but also will have poor adaptability.
3. Professional direction
The professional orientation-based personnel training coincides with the needs of the pilot. Due to the characteristics of higher education, especially the long training period for undergraduate and postgraduate education, the determination of professional orientation must be forward-looking and must be oriented according to the discipline. People's understanding of subject ownership of the printing profession has gone through a long period of time. Moreover, it has a very distinctive era feature and is not static.
In the era of photogravure, printing production relied more on the operator's experience and “special skillsâ€, with a strong sense of workshop-style production and artisan skills. At that time, the subject attributes of the printing profession were not yet clear. Whether there was a need for talents at the higher education level was still a question. At that time, the professional printing education was mainly at the level of mechanics, secondary schools, and specialists, and there were few undergraduate levels. The professional direction mainly focuses on specific arts and production processes, such as photo separation, photoengraving process, text layout, printing, printer operation, printing process, etc. It is an education focusing on skill, process and equipment matching. Later, with the development of society’s informationization and the application of electronic and computer technologies in print production, management, and management, people began to realize that the printing industry is actually based on the processing, distribution, and visual reproduction of images and textual information. The information industry has a common subject basis in terms of profession. Therefore, professional names such as “printing engineeringâ€, “image information engineeringâ€, and “image communication technology†emerged, and some departments and institutes where images and texts were the subject of information engineering research, such as the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan "Institute of Image Science and Engineering Laboratory", Department of Image Science of Chiba University, Department of "College of Imaging Arts and Sciences" of Rochester Institute of Technology, and Society of Image Sciences and Technology. And there are a lot of "Image Science", "Graphic Communication", "
“Hardcopyâ€, “NIP: Non-impact Printing†and other international and regional titles. At this time, people have begun to realize that printing belongs to a multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary field Its basic supporting disciplines include information science, visual engineering, materials science, computer science and technology, networking and communications, etc. Some countries, such as Japan, divide the printing profession into the direction of process materials based on the comprehensive application and performance matching of materials. And the direction of system engineering based on image and text information and processing; some countries, such as the United States, pay more attention to the flow of information, invocation and management of graphic and textual information during processing and reproduction, and place the printing profession under the category of information management science; In China, we have also begun to divide printing into the (printing) information engineering major based on the reproduction of graphic and text information and the printing technology major based on materials and processes.
Today, with the digitalization and networking development of the printing industry technology and the improvement and expansion of its external technological environment and information resources, printing is characterized by its multi-discipline mutual penetration and crossover, and its integrated application of high-tech and equipment is more striking. There is a different understanding of the orientation of disciplines in the printing profession. One tendency is to position according to the basic supporting disciplines of printing, for example, science and technology (computer graphics and information processing) as its main discipline, which can be found in Japan and the United States; another tendency is to continue the previous Process material direction and system engineering direction. I personally think that the discipline's attributes (main subjects) and professional direction should be determined according to the core of the printing industry and technology, and the surrounding fields should be used as supporting disciplines. In fact, the only way to maintain the characteristics of the printing profession is to cultivate talents that other professions cannot cultivate and meet. Only in this way can higher education professionals have the value and significance of existence. Interdisciplinary cross-cutting, high-tech and comprehensive application of equipment characteristics, can be in the training of the target (basic theory and knowledge) "master", "relevant theory and knowledge" "understand" and (basic business skills and capabilities ) "Having" these three basic requirements are coordinated and reflected.
I think that the orientation of printing disciplines should be based on the science and engineering background of the processing and dissemination of images and textual information, and the specific professional direction can be expanded along this axis, positioning in the acquisition and processing of image and textual information. The fields of science (science), engineering technology (engineering), management science (management), and social culture (arts) are involved in communication, communication, storage, and visual reproduction. Specifically speaking, the direction of engineering technology is based on the processing technology of graphic and textual information and visual reproduction, the information processing is based on the processing of graphic and textual information, the information flow of visual reproduction, rational organization and deployment, and system management. Class direction should be a relatively good professional orientation.
IV. Printing Specialty of Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication
The printing professional education of Beijing Institute of Printing began in the Central School of Cultural Management of the 1950s. It was subsequently withdrawn from the Institute and was incorporated into the Central Academy of Art and Design as a department (printing process department). The printing process was on the eve of the Cultural Revolution, and four students were enrolled in 1960, 1963, 1964, and 1965 respectively. Most of these graduates later became leaders of all levels of China's printing industry and played a huge role. After the “Gang of Four†was resumed and the college entrance examination resumed, the printing technology department resumed its recruitment for the entire country. In March and October 1978, it recruited two majors: printing machinery (class 77) and printing technology (class 78). During this period, the State Council approved the establishment of the established Beijing Institute of Printing. The affiliation of the Department of Printing Technology was spun off from the Central Institute of Crafts and Beauty, and was transferred to the newly established Beijing Institute of Graphic Arts. In 1980, for the first time, Beijing Institute of Graphic Arts was qualified as an independent institution of undergraduate education. It enrolled two majors in printing machinery and printing technology, and began the difficult course of independent schooling and development. After 20 years of development, the college currently has three (diploma) postgraduate, undergraduate, and junior colleges with three different levels of academic education; there are three types of general education, higher vocational education, and adult education, and non-degree education; 1999 There are nearly 3,000 full-time students in the school year. There are nearly 1,500 students in adult education and more than 600 faculty members. The College currently has: printing and packaging engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering, management engineering, electronic engineering, design art, publishing and foreign languages
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