Saccharomyces cerevisiae, widely used in the fermentation industry, is also a model organism commonly used in life science research. Because of its clear genetic background, relatively small genome, sound genome and functional genomics research accumulation, clear sexual reproductive cycle and other advantages, in addition to the field of molecular biology, it is becoming a comparative and evolutionary genomics, biogeography Model organisms in research fields such as biology, population genetics, ecology, and species formation and evolution mechanisms. However, we still know very little about the ecological distribution and population structure of this eukaryotic microbe, which may be the most thoroughly studied. Previous studies were mainly based on laboratory and artificial environmental strains, and real wild strains were rarely involved. Therefore, it is difficult to fully explain the basic issues such as the genetic diversity of S. cerevisiae, the origin and evolution of domesticated populations, and the effects of artificial selection on their phenotypes and genomic variation.
In recent years, the research team of Bai Fengyan from the State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences has conducted a large-scale survey of the ecological distribution of S. cerevisiae in nature, ranging from environments distributed in different climatic zones and with different degrees of artificial interference, including inaccessible In the virgin forest, thousands of samples were collected and a large number of S. cerevisiae strains were successfully isolated using special selective separation methods. Furthermore, 99 representative strains were studied in population genetics, molecular karyotype and sexual reproductive isolation. The results show that S. cerevisiae is widely distributed in nature, and there is obvious population differentiation; contrary to the expected results, the separation rate of S. cerevisiae in bark, forest soil, and decayed wood samples is higher than that of various fruit samples. Wild S. cerevisiae has a clear population structure, and eight independent evolutionary lineages (CHN I-VIII) have been identified from the sequenced wild strains. The lineage from the primary forest (CHN IV) is located at the bottom of the evolutionary tree, and significant genetic differentiation has occurred; while the lineage from the secondary forest, orchard, and fruit (CHN VI-VIII) is located in the evolutionary tree together with the industrial application (domestication) lineage And the degree of group differentiation is low. This result shows the evolution path of S. cerevisiae from the primary forest to the secondary forest, the artificial environment, and then to the industrial fermentation process. The virgin forest pedigree is generally a self-breeding group, with different molecular karyotypes, and has produced a certain degree of reproductive isolation; while there are more genetic recombination events in the artificial environment pedigree, and human factors have promoted the hybridization among its groups. Compared with a group of strains applied in previous studies of population genetics and population genomics that are believed to represent S. cerevisiae's global genetic diversity, the genetic diversity index of strains in China is nearly doubled. This result shows that China, or East Asia, may be the origin center of S. cerevisiae. In addition, the study also proposed new perspectives on the shaping factors of the S. cerevisiae group structure and the origin of the wine and sake domestication lineage.
The above research has been published in Molecular Ecology (21: 5404C5417, 2012), and the journal has distributed a review (Perspective) for this paper in the same period. The comment pointed out that this research has greatly improved our understanding of the diversity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and will greatly enhance our research capabilities in ecology, domestication and evolution.
From dawn to dusk, the Patio Umbrella blocks the sun's glare as it moves across the sky. Crafted from the finest, highest-performing materials, the umbrella goes up easily with a pull of the cord and is held aloft by a sturdy cast-aluminum hub and pin system, and ribs. The canopy is tailored of premium, solution-dyed acrylic chosen for its extreme resistance to fading, staining, mildew, and mold. Available with an octagonal or square canopy, the umbrella performs beautifully in commercial settings or at your private residence with different marble or water base, or others design base for your selection.
Patio Umbrella contain:
side post square or round patio umbrella
central pole round or square patio umbrella
Single layer or double roof patio umbrella
Aluminum hanging umbrella
If you have any questions, please contact with us directly. Patio Umbrella are produced by Golden Eagle Outdoor Furniture With High Quality and Good Appearance. Welcome you can visit our Factory.For any inquiry,Please send mail directly to us.
Patio Umbrella,Patio Sun Umbrella,Outdoor Patio Umbrella,Garden Patio Umbrella,Garden Umbrella
Golden Eagle Outdoor Furniture Co., LTD. , https://www.gepatio.com